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Paper Glossary & Dictionary
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| ABCD Scheme | | | [Eng] An initiative in the UK designed to classify the type and amount of recycled fiber in a paper product.
The scheme grades four types of waste used in paper manufacturing, as follows:
A - Woodfree, approved own mill waste (waste that has not left the mill. i.e. mill broke).
B - Woodfree unprinted waste (waste that has left the mill but not reached the consumer, typically from the printer or converter).
C - Woodfree printed waste (post consumer waste, collected from homes, offices etc).
D - Printed mechanical waste (post consumer waste, typically newspapers).
To be classified as recycled, the grade has to contain no less than 50% of the total fiber from any combination of the above sources, with the percentages given for each..
| | Abrasive Papers | | | [Eng] Papers covered on one or both sides with abrasive powder, e.g. emery, sandpaper etc
| | Absorbable Organic Halogen (AOX) | | | [Eng] A measure of the amount of chlorine that is chemically bound to the soluble organic matter in the effluent.
| | Absorbency | | | [Eng] The extent to which a paper will take up and hold a liquid.
| | Absorbent Core | | | [Eng] The principal fluid-holding component of disposable hygiene products. Absorbent cores usually contain a combination of absorbent cellulose fibers (fluff pulps) and super-absorbent polymers composed of polyacrylates. Advanced cores can contain very specialized absorbent cellulose fibers, synthetic fibers and super-absorbent polymers as well as fluff pulps.
| | Absorbent Paper | | | [Eng] Papers having the specific characteristic of absorbing liquids such as water and ink.
These papers are soft, loosely felted, unsized and bulky e.g. blotting paper.
| | Accelerated Aging | | | [Eng] Exposing paper at elevated temperature usually at 110C in an oven or on a hot plate. The purpose of accelerated aging is to simulate the effect of aging in the laboratory.
| | Accept | | | [Eng] Accepted portion of pulp after cleaning and or screening operation
| | Accordion Fold | | | [Eng] A term for two or more parallel folds that result in the sheet opening like a fan. Accordion folds are used on products such as brochures and maps.
| | Acetate Pulp | | | [Eng] A highly purified (high alpha cellulose) pulp made especially to be dissolved in acetic acid, acetic anhydride and sulfuric acid to make acetate rayon and acetate fiber.
| | Achromatic | | | [Eng] Material that is white, gray and black and have no color or hue.
| | Acid Free Paper | | | [Eng] A type of paper, which does not contain any acidic substance that may affect acid sensitive material. Acid free paper is anti rust and is used for metal wrapping.
| | Acid Migration | | | [Eng] The transfer of acid from an acidic material to a less acidic or neutral-pH material. Occurs when neutral materials are exposed to atmospheric pollutants or when two paper materials come in contact.
Acid can also migrate from adhesives, boards, endpapers, protective tissues, paper covers, acidic art supplies, and memorabilia.
| | Acid Proof Paper | | | [Eng] A paper that is not affected by acid physically or chemically. This paper is used with substance containing acid.
| | Acid Sizing | | | [Eng] Internal sizing carried out in acidic pH range (0-7). Rosin and alum sizing is acid sizing.
| | Activated Carbon | | | [Eng] A highly absorbent powdered or granular carbon used for purification by adsorption.
| | Activated Sludge Treatment | | | [Eng] The biomass produced by rapid oxygenation of effluent.
| | Active Alkali (AA) | | | [Eng] Caustic (NaOH) and Sodium sulfide (Na2S) expressed as Na2O in alkaline pulping liquor.
| | Additives | | | [Eng] Clay, fillers, dyes, sizing and other chemicals added to pulp to give the paper greater smoothness, color, fibered appearance or other desirable attributes.
| | Aerated Lagoon | | | [Eng] A biological wastewater treatment method in which air (oxygen) fed into an aeration basin reduces the effluent load.
| | Against the Grain | | | [Eng] Cutting, folding or feeding paper at right angles to the grain or machine direction of the paper.
| | Aging | | | [Eng] Irreversible alteration, generally deterioration, of the properties of paper in course of time. Aging also causes reduction in brightness and yellowing effect.
| | Agitator | | | [Eng] Equipment used to keep content of a tank or chest in motion and well mixed.
| | Air Brush Coater | | | [Eng] A coater, which uses the pressurized air to atomize the coating mixture and spray it on the paper.
| | Air Dry (AD) | | | [Eng] Refers to the weight of dry pulp/paper in equilibrium with the atmosphere. Though the amount of moisture in dry pulp/paper will depend on the atmospheric condition of humidity and temperature but as a convention 10% moisture is assumed in air dry pulp/paper.
| | Air Drying | | | [Eng] Using hot air to dry pulp or paper sheets.
| | Air Filter Paper | | | [Eng] A type of paper used for filtration of air to remove suspended particles. (car air filter, vacuum bag etc.)
| | Air Knife Coater | | | [Eng] A device that applies an excess coating to the paper and then removes the surplus by impinging a flat jet of air upon the fluid coating, leaving a smooth, metered film on the paper.
| | Air Mail Paper | | | [Eng] It is lightweight, high opacity, good quality writing/printing type paper used for letters, flyers and other printed matter to be transported by airlines
| | Air Permeability | | | [Eng] Commonly referred to as "porosity." The ease with which pressurized air can flow through a paper's thickness. Typically measure by the Gurley or the Sheffield porosity tests, which measure the volumetric flow of air through the paper thickness.
| | Air Pollution | | | [Eng] The contamination of air around the plant due to the emission of gases, vapors and particulate material in the atmosphere.
| | Albumin Paper | | | [Eng] A coated paper used in photography; the coating is made of albumen (egg whites) and ammonium chloride.
| | Algae | | | [Eng] Micro organic plant life that forms in paper mill water supplies.
| | Alkali Resistance | | | [Eng] Freedom of paper from a tendency to become stained or discolored or to undergo a color change when brought in contact with alkaline products such as soap and adhesives.
| | Alkaline Papermaking | | | [Eng] Paper manufactured under alkaline conditions, using additives, basic fillers like calcium carbonate and neutral size. The anti-aging properties in alkaline paper make it a logical choice for documents where permanence is essential.
| | Alkaline Pulping | | | [Eng] Pulping by alkaline solutions of sodium hydroxide, with or without sodium sulfide. Without sodium sulfide it is called soda process and with sodium sulfide it is known as Kraft or sulfate process.
| | Alkenyl Succinic Anhydride (ASA) | | | [Eng] ASA is a sizing agent designed to increase resistance to water penetration in the case of paper formed under neutral or alkaline conditions. ASA is especially used in cases where full cure is desired before the size press and where it is important to maintain a high frictional coefficient in the paper product. ASA can improve paper machine runnability and preserve paper's dimensional stability by limiting penetration of size-press solution into the sheet.
| | Alpha Pulp | | | [Eng] A specially processed, high alpha cellulose content, chemical pulp. It is also called dissolving pulp.
| | Alum | | | [Eng] The paper maker alum is hydrated Aluminum Sulfate {Al2(SO4)3}. It is used to adjust the pH of the mill water or as a sizing chemical in combination with rosin size.
| | Aluminum Foil Lamination | | | [Eng] The combination of thin Aluminum foil with a paper backing used as a positive moisture barrier. Normal combination is kraft backing with Aluminum foil laminated to the kraft by means of asphalt, adhesive, or polyethylene. The Aluminum foil can also be coated with polyethylene.
| | Anaerobic Reactor System | | | [Eng] An effluent treatment system that uses microbes in the absence of oxygen to break down effluent constituents into methane, carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide.
| | Annual Vegetable Fiber or Agricultural Residue Fiber | | | [Eng] A source of fiber for pulp and papermaking, including, for example, wheat or rice straw or other fibrous by-products of agriculture.
| | Anthra Quinone (AQ) | | | [Eng] A quinoid compound added to white liquor (alkaline cooking liquor) to improve pulp yield and to increase the rate of delignification.
| | Anti Rust Paper | | | [Eng] Paper containing added substances which give it the property of protecting the surfaces of ferrous metals against rusting.
| | Anti-foam or Defoamer | | | [Eng] Chemical additives used at wet end to reduce or eliminate tendencies of the machine white water to foam.
| | Antique Finish | | | [Eng] A term describing the surface, usually on book and cover papers, that have a natural rough finish.
| | Approach Flow System | | | [Eng] The stock flow system from Fan pump to headbox slice.
| | Aqueous Coating | | | [Eng] A water-based coating applied after printing, either while the paper is still on press ("in line"), or after it's off press. An aqueous coating usually gives a gloss, dull, or matte finish and helps prevent the underlying ink from rubbing off. Unlike a UV coating or a varnish, an aqueous coating will accept ink-jet printing, making it a natural choice for jobs that require printing addresses for mass mailings
| | Archival Paper | | | [Eng] A paper that is made to last for long time and used for long lasting records.
| | Art Paper | | | [Eng] High quality and rather heavy two-side coated printing paper with smooth surface. The reproduction of fine screen single- and multicolor pictures ("art on paper") requires a paper that has an even, well closed surface and a uniform ink absorption.
| | Artificial Parchment | | | [Eng] Wood free paper that is produced by fine and extended grinding of certain chemical pulps and/or the admixture of special additives. As a result of the "smeary" grinding, the fiber structure closes homogeneously. It is used e.g. for wrapping meat and sausages or as corrugating medium for biscuit packaging
| | Ash Content | | | [Eng] The residue left after complete combustion of paper at high temperature. It is generally expressed as percent of original test sample and represents filler content in the paper.
| | Asphalt Laminated Paper | | | [Eng] Two sheets of natural kraft paper laminated in a single ply by means of asphalt. This is used as a moisture barrier; also to resist action of weak acids and alkalis.
| | Automatic Packaging System | | | [Eng] Term applicable to any one of several available systems for open mouth and valve bag packaging where bags are automatically applied to filler spout, filled, weighed, closed (if open mouth), palletized, and shrink wrapped.
| | Azure | | | [Eng] The light blue color used in the nomenclature of "laid" and "wove" papers.
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| Back Liner | | | [Eng] The back side layer in a multi-ply paperboard. Normally back liner is made out of inferior grade pulp compared to top liner.
| | Back Water | | | [Eng] See White Water.
| | Backing up | | | [Eng] Printing the reverse or back side of a sheet that has already been printed on one side.
| | Bag House | | | [Eng] An air pollution control device that captures particulate in filter bags.
| | Bag Paper | | | [Eng] Any paper made to be used in the manufacturing of bags.
| | Bagasse | | | [Eng] Sugarcane residue left after extracting the juice.
| | Bale | | | [Eng] A large rectangular shaped compressed package of waste paper, rag, pulp etc. Bale dimensions and weight varies widely depending on the baling material and handling capabilities.
| | Bamboo | | | [Eng] A plant of grass family grown in Asian countries and used for papermaking fibers.
| | Banknote or Currency Paper | | | [Eng] Used for printing currency. De-facto highest grade of paper. Very high folding endurance, permanency, tensile strength, suitable for 4-colour printing, with watermark and other falsification safeguards such as embedded metal strip. Often contains cotton fibers.
| | Barker or Debarker | | | [Eng] An equipment used to remove bark from wood.
| | Barking | | | [Eng] Removing bark from wood.
| | Barograph Paper | | | [Eng] Red thin paper coated on one side with a white wax, so that the needle of the barograph leaves a red line on a white ground, sold in rolls and coils and to suit the type of barograph.
| | Base Paper | | | [Eng] Refers to paper that will be subsequently be treated, coated or laminated in other ways.
| | Basic Dye | | | [Eng] Dye that have a positive charge due to amine groups and have a strong affinity for the surfaces of high-yield fibers.
| | Basis Weight | | | [Eng] In English system of units, basis weight is the weight in pounds of a ream (500 sheets) of paper cut to a basic size. (Basic size differs from category to category of the paper. Basic size for Bond and Ledger is 20"x26", book, offset and text paper have basic size of 25"x38").
In metric system of units, basis weight is the weight in grams of a single sheet of area one square meter. Basis weight is also called as substance and grammage in metric system of units.
| | Bast | | | [Eng] Fibres located in the inner bark layer of trees and in outer portions of other fibrous, woody plants.
| | Bast Fibers | | | [Eng] Fibers derived from the bark of some annual plants such as flax, gampi, hemp, jute, kozo and mitsumata etc. Main characteristic of these fiber is long length.
| | Batch Cooking | | | [Eng] A chemical pulping process in which a discrete quantity of fibrous raw material is individually process.
| | Beatability | | | [Eng] The ease with which pulp can be beaten to achieve the desired properties.
| | Beater | | | [Eng] An equipment used for beating, refining and mixing pulps.
| | Beater Dye | | | [Eng] Dye added to the beater to color the pulp.
| | Beater Loading | | | [Eng] Addition of a filler to the pulp in the beater.
| | Beating or Refining | | | [Eng] The mechanical treatment of the fibers in water to increase surface area, flexibility and promote bonding when dried.
| | Bending Resistance/Flexural Stiffness | | | [Eng] Corrugated board's ability to resist bending, along with its edge crush resistance, relates to the top-to-bottom compression strength and general performance of corrugated containers.
| | Bible Paper | | | [Eng] Thin white opaque heavily loaded, used for printing bibles. Not suitable for pen and ink, because of its absorbency.
| | Binder (Coating) | | | [Eng] A natural or synthetic compound used to adhere coating to the paper surface.
| | Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) | | | [Eng] When effluent containing biodegradable organic matter is released into a receiving water, the biodegradation of the organic matter consumes dissolved oxygen from the water. The BOD of an effluent is an estimate of the amount of oxygen that will be consumed in 5 days following its release into a receiving water; assuming a temperature of 20°C.
| | Biocide | | | [Eng] A biological control chemical such as fungicide or a bactericide used in papermaking.
| | Biodegradable | | | [Eng] Capable of destruction by biological action.
| | Biological Waste Water Treatment | | | [Eng] A method of cleaning up waste water using living micro-organisms such as bacteria.
| | Biomass Boiler or Hogged Fuel Boiler | | | [Eng] Biomass boilers burn bark, saw mill dust, primary clarifier sediment and other solid waste, and other wood-related scrap not usable in product production. Also called "hogged fuel" boilers, biomass boilers make steam and heat for mill use.
| | Bio-sludge | | | [Eng] Sludge formed (in the aeration basin) during biological waste water treatment or other biological treatment process.
| | Black Liquor | | | [Eng] The liquor that exits the digester with the cooked chips at the end of the Kraft cook is called "black" liquor.
| | Blackening | | | [Eng] Defect associated with calendered paper occurring as unintended local areas of apparently darker or grayer colour due, for example, to the paper being too damp when passed through the calender.
| | Blade Coater | | | [Eng] A device that first applies a surplus coating to paper and then remove extra color after evenly leveling by means of a flexible steel blade.
| | Blank or Black Box | | | [Eng] A flat sheet of corrugated or solid fiberboard that has been cut, slotted and scored so that, when folded along the score lines and joined, it will take the form of a box.
| | Bleach Plant | | | [Eng] Section of a pulp mill where pulp is bleached.
| | Bleaching | | | [Eng] A chemical process used to whiten and purify the pulp. Bleaching also adds to the sheet's strength and durability.
| | Bleaching Sequences | | | [Eng] Series of subsequent bleaching stages, typically described by abbreviation such as CEHH (Chlorination, Extraction Hypochlorite, Hypochlorite.
| | Bleed | | | [Eng] The feathered edge of inks caused by absorption into un-sized paper.
| | Bleed (corrugation) | | | [Eng] The penetration of laminating agents, such as asphalt, through the kraft plies making up the combination.
| | Bleed Through | | | [Eng] When printing on one side of a sheet of paper shows through to the other side.
| | Blister | | | [Eng] Defect on a paper surface often shaped like a human blister. It is due to delamination of a limited portion of paper without breaking either surface.
| | Blotting Paper | | | [Eng] An un-sized paper used generally to absorb excess ink from freshly written manuscripts, letters and signatures.
| | Blow | | | [Eng] It is the discharging of the pressure and contents of the digester in to blow tank.
| | Blow Heat Recovery System | | | [Eng] The system used to recover heat from the flash steam generated while digester is blown in to blow tank.
| | Blow Tank | | | [Eng] The tank in which cooked chips and spent liquor is blown from digester at the end of the cooking cycle.
| | Board | | | [Eng] Thick and stiff paper, often consisting of several plies, widely used for packaging or box making purposes. Its grammage normally is higher than 150 g/m2 or thickness is more than 9 point (thousandth of an inch).
| | Bond Paper | | | [Eng] The name "bond" was originally given to a paper, which was used for printing bonds and stock certificates. It is now used in referring to paper used for letterheads and many printing purposes. Important characteristics are finish, strength, freedom from fuzz, and rigidity.
| | Bonding Strength | | | [Eng] The internal strength of a paper; the ability of the fibers within a paper to hold to one another. Bonding strength measures the ability of the paper to hold together on the printing press or other converting processing machines. Good bonding strength prevents fibers from coming loose ("picking").
Bonding strength of fiber is improved by beating/refining and/or adding bonding agent.
| | Bone Dry | | | [Eng] Moisture free or zero moisture.
| | Book Paper | | | [Eng] A general term used to define a class or group of papers having in common A paperboard used in the manufacture of light non-corrugated container.
| | Box | | | [Eng] A rigid container having closed faces and completely enclosing its contents.
| | Boxboard | | | [Eng] A class of board frequently lined on one or both sides, with good folding properties and used for making box and cartons.
| | Breaking Length | | | [Eng] The length beyond which a strip of paper of uniform width would break under its own weight if suspended from one end. Usually expressed in meters.
| | Breast Box | | | [Eng] The part of the paper machine whose primary function is to deliver a uniform dispersion of fibers in water at the proper speed through the slice opening to the paper machine wire.
| | Breast Roll | | | [Eng] A medium size metal or plastic/fiberglass/granite covered roll located at the headbox side of the paper machine to support the wire.
| | Brightness | | | [Eng] The reflectance or brilliance of the paper when measured under a specially calibrated blue light. Not necessarily related to color or whiteness. Brightness is expressed in %.
| | Bristol Board | | | [Eng] A fine quality cardboard made by pasting several sheets together, the middle sheets usually of inferior grade.
| | Brittleness | | | [Eng] Property of paper causing it to break while bending.
| | Broke | | | [Eng] Paper that is unusable because of damage or non-conformity to the specifications. It is put back in to the pulping system.
| | Brown Pulp | | | [Eng] A mechanical pulp made from wood, which is steamed before grinding. The color-bearing, non-cellulosic components of the wood remain with the pulp. The pulp is generally used for wrapping and bag paper.
| | Brown Stock | | | [Eng] The unbleached chemical pulp.
| | Brush Coating | | | [Eng] A Coating method in which the freshly applied coating color is regulated and smoothed by means of brushes, some stationary and some oscillating, before drying.
| | Brush Glazing | | | [Eng] Glazing of coated paper with the aid of brushes.
| | Buffering | | | [Eng] The neutralizing of acids in paper by adding an alkaline substance (usually calcium carbonate or magnesium carbonate) into the paper pulp. The buffer acts as a protection from the acid in the paper or from pollution in the environment.
| | Bulk | | | [Eng] Reverse of density, expressed as cubic centimeter per gram.
| | Bulk Product | | | [Eng] A mass-produced product sold in large volumes without individual specifications, usually in compliance with a standard. For example, newsprint.
| | Burnout | | | [Eng] The loss of color during drying.
| | Burnt Paper | | | [Eng] Paper, which has been discolored and is brittle, but otherwise intact.
| | Burst | | | [Eng] An irregular separation or rupture through the paper or package.
Air Shear burst: Burst caused by air trapped in the winding roll producing rupture of the web along the machine direction.
Caliper shear burst. Cross Machine tension burst that generally occurs between an area or relatively high and low caliper extending for some distance in the machine direction; due to non uniform nip velocities between hard and soft sections of the roll.
Core burst: Inter-layer slippage just above the core, often over the key way, which terminates an Air Shear Burst.
Core bursts are most often seen on core-supported unwinds and winders.
| | Burst Factor | | | [Eng] The ratio of the bursting strength (expressed in g/cm2 ) and the substance of paper/paperboard (expressed in g/m2) determined by standard methods of test.
| | Burst Index | | | [Eng] The ratio of the bursting strength (expressed in kilo Pascal ) and the substance of paper/paperboard (expressed in g/m2) determined by standard methods of test.
| | Burst Ratio | | | [Eng] The ratio of the bursting strength (expressed in lb/inch2 ) and the substance of paper/paperboard (expressed in lb/ream) determined by standard methods of test.
| | Bursting Strength | | | [Eng] The resistance of paper to rapture as measured by the hydrostatic pressure required to burst it when a uniformly distributed and increasing pressure is applied to one of its side.
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| C1S | | | [Eng] Coated on one side of the paper.
| | C2S | | | [Eng] Coated on both sides of the paper.
| | Calcium Carbonate | | | [Eng] CaCO3, a naturally occurring substance found in a variety of sources, including chalk, limestone, marble, oyster shells, and scale from boiled hard water. Used as a filler in the alkaline paper manufacturing process, calcium carbonate improves several important paper characteristics, like smoothness, brightness, opacity, and affinity for ink; it also reduces paper acidity. It is a key ingredient in today's paper coatings.
| | Calender | | | [Eng] A stack of highly polished metal cylinders at the end of a paper machines that smoothes and shines the paper surface as sheets pass through.
| | Calender Blackening | | | [Eng] Coverage of calendered paper web with glazed translucent spots due to excessive calender roll heat, calender pressure, poor and/or excessive and uneven moisture.
| | Calendered Paper | | | [Eng] Paper that has been smoothed and compacted between the rolls of a calender and is thus more or less glossy (sharp or matt calendered). The effect produced in the calender unit is the result of friction combined with temperature and pressure.
| | Caliper | | | [Eng] The thickness of paper usually expressed in thousandths of an inch in English system of units and in millimeter in Metric system of units.
| | Canadian Standard Freeness (CSF) | | | [Eng] It is a measure of pulp freeness. The unit of measurement is mlCSF.
| | Capacity Utilization Rate | | | [Eng] The production rate a plant or machine is operating with respect to design capacity.
Also in some cases it indicates the efficiency (%) at which a plant or machine is operating.
| | Carbon Paper | | | [Eng] A low basis weight paper (8 to 15 g/m2) with very low air permeability, free of pin holes and with a waxy coating, that is used to produce carbon copies on typewriters or other office equipment.
| | Carbonless Copy Paper | | | [Eng] Paper that permits making multiple copies without intervening layers of carbon paper. The paper translates pressure into a dye reaction which transfers the image to the copy. Carbonless copy papers are mainly used for continuous form sets, for cov-ered pay slips, for vouchers to be dispatched by post and for payment forms. In the US and some other countries, carbonless copy paper is also called NCR paper (= Non Carbon Required).
| | Carbonless Paper | | | [Eng] A paper that uses a chemical reaction between two different contacting coatings to transfer image when pressure is applied.
| | Cardboard | | | [Eng] A thin, stiff paperboard made of pressed paper pulp or sheets of paper pasted together. Used for playing cards, greeting cards, etc.
| | Carton | | | [Eng] A folding box made from boxboard, used for consumer quantities of product. A carton is not recognized as a shipping container.
| | Cartridge Paper | | | [Eng] Tough, slightly rough surfaced paper used for a variety of purposes such as envelopes; the name comes from the original use for the paper which formed the tube section of a shotgun shell.
| | Cast Coater | | | [Eng] A device that applies a wet coating color to a paper web before it contacts a heated drum having a highly polished surface, which cast the coating in to an image of the smooth, mirror-like drum surface.
| | Cast-Coated Paper | | | [Eng] Cast-coated papers are coated papers that have obtained their high gloss by moulding on a highly polished, chromium plated drying cylinder.
| | Causticizing | | | [Eng] It is the process in which Green Liquor is converted in to White Liquor. Technically speaking it is the process of converting sodium carbonate in to sodium hydroxide.
| | Cellulose | | | [Eng] It is a high molecular weight, stereoregular, and linear polymer of repeating beta-D-glucopyranose units. Simply speaking it is the chief structural element and major constituents of the cell wall of trees and plants.
| | Cellulose Fiber | | | [Eng] An elongated, tapering, thick walled cellular unit, which is the main structural component of woody plants. Fibers in the plants are cemented together by lignin. In British English Fiber is spelled as Fiber.
| | Check or Cheque Paper | | | [Eng] A strong, durable paper made for the printing of bank checks or cheques.
| | Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) | | | [Eng] The amount of oxygen consumed in complete chemical oxidation of matter present in waste water; indicates the content of slowly degradable organic matter present. COD is easier to measure compared to BOD (Biological Oxygen Demand).
| | Chemical Pulp | | | [Eng] Pulp obtained from the chemical cooking or digestion of wood or other plant material.
| | Chemical Recovery | | | [Eng] It is the process in which cooking chemicals are recovered.
| | Chemo-Thermo-Mechanical Pulp (CTMP) | | | [Eng] Mechanical pulp produced by treating wood chips with chemicals (usually sodium sulfite) and steam before mechanical defibration.
| | China Clay | | | [Eng] Natural mineral, consisting essentially of hydrated silicate of alumina, used as a filler or as a component in a coating color. (Also see clay).
| | Chip | | | [Eng] Wood chips produced by a chipper; used to produce pulp, fiberboard and particle board, and also as fuel.
| | Chipboard/Grey Board | | | [Eng] A paperboard, thicker than cardboard, used for backing sheets on padded writing paper, partitions within boxes, shoeboxes, etc.
| | Chipper | | | [Eng] The machine that converts wood logs in to chips.
| | Chlorine Number | | | [Eng] A test method to determine the bleach requirement of a pulp. It indicates the number of grams of chlorine consumed by 100 g of pulp under specified conditions.
| | Chromo | | | [Eng] A term used to describe both papers and boards used for subsequent brush coating. The various qualities are determined both by the actual grade of base material used and the quality of the coating, which may be gummed. Coating may be applied to one or both sides, depending on end use.
| | Cigarette Paper | | | [Eng] This light weight, unsized paper (grammage 18 to 24g/m2), converted to improve glowing. It normally has approx. 30% calcium carbonate as filler to control the burning rate and match it with tobacco burning rate. Very long fiber such as jute, cotton etc is used to achieve high strength and porosity.
| | Clarifier | | | [Eng] Basin where sludge is removed from treated effluent by settling.
| | Clay | | | [Eng] A natural substance used as both a filler and coating ingredient to improve a paper's smoothness, brightness, opacity and/ or affinity for ink.
| | Clay Coated Boxboard | | | [Eng] A grade of paperboard that has been clay coated on one or both sides to obtain whiteness and smoothness. It is characterized by brightness, resistance to fading, and excellence of printing surface. Colored coatings may also be used and the body stock for coating may be any variety of paperboard.
| | Cleaners | | | [Eng] A conical or partly cylindrical device with no moving parts, designed to remove grit from thin-stock furnish by the centrifugal action of rotating liquid.
| | Closed System | | | [Eng] Papermaking system wherein white water is mainly re-circulated and not discharged as effluent.
| | Clot | | | [Eng] Thick element composed of several entangled fibers. Its presence is harmful to the production process and needs to be eliminated.
| | Coarse Paper (also Industrial Paper) | | | [Eng] Various grades of papers used for industrial application (abrasive, filter etc.) rather than cultural purposes (writing, printing etc.)
| | Coat Weight | | | [Eng] The amount of coating applied to base paper, expressed as pounds of air-dried coating on the surface of a 25X38 in ream or grams per meter square.
| | Coated Paper | | | [Eng] Term that applies to paper which has a special coating applied to its surface.
Material such as clay, casein, bentonite, talc, applied by means of roller or brush applicators; or plastics applied by means of roll or extrusion coaters.
| | Coated White Top Liner | | | [Eng] White liner that is coated to produce superior printability.
| | Coating | | | [Eng] Process by which paper or board is coated with an agent to improve its brightness and/or printing properties.
| | Coating Color | | | [Eng] Mixture used to coat paper and board: contains pigment, binder, special additives and water.
| | Coating Color Kitchen | | | [Eng] Section of Coating Plant where coating colour is prepared and mixed
| | Cobb Test | | | [Eng] Measures paper's water absorption rate and is expressed as the amount of water pick-up per unit surface area of paper by Tappi method T441. The test duration must be specified to properly know the absorption rate. United Nations (UN) and Code of Federal Regulations require the 30-minute pick-up must be 155 grams per square meter or less for containerboard used in hazardous material transport.
| | Cockle Finish | | | [Eng] Produced by air drying paper with controlled tension. This uneven surface is available in bond papers.
| | Cockling | | | [Eng] When the surface of the paper has wave like appearance.
| | Cogeneration | | | [Eng] It is the process to generate electricity from high pressure steam and using low and/or medium pressure steam in the mill process.
| | Cold Blow | | | [Eng] Pressure ejection of cooked pulp from batch or continuous digesters after the pulp has been cooled to below 100oC. The cooling step reduces damage to the fibers.
| | Colored Kraft | | | [Eng] Natural or bleached kraft paper to which a dye or pigment has been added.
| | Colored Pigments | | | [Eng] These are water insoluble colored materials. They belongs in the category of fillers and loading material but are colored and used in small quantity.
Pigments has no affinity to fiber and must be used in conjunction with alum or a cationic retention aid in order to retain them.
| | Color-fast Papers | | | [Eng] Colored papers that will not run when wet or fade under bright light.
| | Combined Deinking | | | [Eng] Deinking process combining flotation and washing.
| | Compression Strength (CD or MD) | | | [Eng] Can be referred to as ring crush or "STFI (stiffy)". The amount of force needed to crush paper resting on its edge. Compression testers hold and support the paper specimen so as to emulate its position and orientation in the walls of a corrugated container. Due to the corrugated board making process, paper must support compressive loads orthogonal to their grain (a CD orientation).
The test is unidirectional so the paper orientation during testing must be known.
| | Coniferous Trees | | | [Eng] Cone bearing and evergreen trees. Also known as soft wood trees. e.g. pine, spruce etc.
| | Consistency | | | [Eng] The percentage of bone dry solids by weight in pulp or stock.
| | Construction Paper | | | [Eng] Sheathing paper, roofing, floor covering, automotive, sound proofing, industrial, pipe covering, refrigerator, and similar felts.
| | Containerboard | | | [Eng] The paperboard components (linerboard, corrugating material and chipboard) used to manufacture corrugated and solid fiberboard. The raw materials used to make containerboard may be virgin cellulose fiber, recycled fiber or a combination of both.
| | Continuous Cooking | | | [Eng] A method used in chemical pulping in which raw material is fed continuously into the digester, while at the same time pulp and black liquor are removed (cf. batch cooking).
| | Continuous Pulping | | | [Eng] Production of pulp in continuous digester as compared to a batch digester.
| | Contraries | | | [Eng] Unsuitable material found in wastepaper which must be removed from the pulp before making it into paper, e.g. paperclips, string, plastics.
| | Contrast | | | [Eng] The degree of difference between light and dark areas in an image. Extreme lights and darks give an image high contrast. An image with a narrow tonal range has lower contrast.
| | Converting | | | [Eng] The operation of treating, modifying, or otherwise manipulating the finished paper and paperboard so that it can be made into end-user products.
| | Cooking | | | [Eng] Reacting fibrous raw material with chemical under pressure and temperature to soften and or remove lignin to separate fibers.
| | Cooking Liquor | | | [Eng] Liquor made up of selected chemicals and used for cooking pulp. e.g. cooking liquor in kraft pulping mainly consist of NaOH and Na2S.
| | Cooling Cylinders or Cooling Drums | | | [Eng] Water cooled cylindrical metal vessel over which dry paper web after dryers is passed to cool the paper before calendering..
| | Copier Paper or Laser Paper | | | [Eng] Lightweight grades of good quality and dimensionally stable papers used for copying correspondence and documents.
| | Copper Number | | | [Eng] It is the measure of degree of fiber degradation. It is weight of copper in grams reduced to cuprous state by 100 grams of pulp.
| | Core | | | [Eng] Fibrous tube used to wound paper for shipment.
| | Core Plug | | | [Eng] Metal, wood, particleboard, or other material plugs which are driven into the ends of the paper core of finished roll to prevent crushing of the core.
| | Corrugated Board | | | [Eng] Usually a nine-point board after if has passed through a corrugating machine. When this corrugated board is pasted to another flat sheet of board, it becomes single-faced corrugated board; if pasted on both sides, it becomes double-faced corrugated board or corrugated (shipping) containerboard.
| | Corrugated Container | | | [Eng] Containers made with corrugating medium and linerboard.
| | Corrugated Medium or Media | | | [Eng] The wavy center of the wall of a corrugated container, which cushions the product from shock during shipment (see flute). Media can contain up to 100% post-consumer recycled fiber content without reducing its ability to protect the product.
| | Corrugator | | | [Eng] Machine that presses medium into flutes, applies glue to the medium and affixes sheets of linerboard to form corrugated board.
| | Cotton Fiber | | | [Eng] Cotton is a natural fiber and is one of the strongest and most durable fibers known to man. Papers manufactured of cotton fiber will last longer and hold up better under repeated handling and variant environmental conditions than paper made from wood pulp.
Generally, given reasonable care, one can expect one year of usable life for every 1% of cotton contained in the sheet.
Typically cotton fiber papers are made of either all cotton fiber (100% cotton) or a blend of cotton and wood pulp .
| | Cotton Paper or Rag Paper | | | [Eng] Paper made with a minimum of 25% cotton fiber. Cotton paper is also called rag paper.
| | Couch Pit | | | [Eng] This is the pit below the couch roll. It collects water draining from this section, wet wire trim and any wet broke generated due to the paper break at the wire part. Couch pit has agitator (s).
| | Couch Roll | | | [Eng] Couch roll serves the following functions 1) Main drive for the wire, 2) Transfer the wet sheet from wire part to press part and 3) Removes water (if suction type couch roll). Couch roll can be solid or suction type.
| | Cover Paper | | | [Eng] Any wide variety of fairly heavy plain or embellished papers, which are converted into, covers for books, catalogs, brochures, pamphlets, etc. Good folding qualities, printability, and durability characterize it.
| | Crack | | | [Eng] 1. A defect in coated paper, caused by the separation of the coating layer on the formation of fissures in the surface of the coating due to printing or other converting process.
2. Crack at fold: Fissures in the crease when any paper is folded along a fold line. May be due to separation of coating or separation of fibers. More prevalent when the paper has been over-dried. In boards it may occur along score-folds even though the scoring has been done to minimize cracking at the fold. The term is also applied when coatings crack without fiber failure during a folding operation.
| | Crease | | | [Eng] 1. Deformation remaining from a fold over.
2. Cross direction wrinkles( Washboard): Fold over of a web in the cross machine direction, giving a crease running in the machine direction.
3. Blade crease: A crease essentially in the machine direction devoid of coating in the creased area.
4. Calender Crease: Usually a sharp crease caused by passage through the Calender of a crease or of a fold generated at the Calender; often cut through when it is preferable to call it a Calender out.
5. Smoothed crease: A flattened-out crease running mainly in the machine direction. Can occur at the wet press section, dryer (dryer wrinkles), size press, winder or sheeter.
| | Creping | | | [Eng] The operation of crinkling a sheet of paper to increase its stretch and softness.
| | Critical Load | | | [Eng] Highest pollutant load that, in the long term, does not damage essential characteristics in an ecosystem.
| | Cross-Machine Direction | | | [Eng] A direction perpendicular to the direction of web travels through the paper machine.
| | Crystallization | | | [Eng] A condition of a dried ink film, which repels another ink printed on top of it.
| | Cunit | | | [Eng] A term used in the measurement of pulpwood, i.e. 100 cubic feet of solid wood, bark excluded. One cunit corresponds to 2.83 cubic meter of wood..
| | Curl | | | [Eng] Tendency of paper by itself to bend or partly wrap around the axis of one of its directions.
| | Currency or Banknote Paper | | | [Eng] Used for printing currency. De-facto highest grade of paper. Very high folding endurance, permanency, tensile strength, suitable for 4-colour printing, with watermark and other falsification safeguards such as embedded metal strip. Often contains cotton fibers.
| | Cut Sheet | | | [Eng] Paper cut in sheets (letter, legal, A, B or any other standard size) to be used in printer, photocopier, fax machines etc.
| | Cutter Dust | | | [Eng] Small loose paper particles which chip out of the edges of a sheet of papers as it is cut by the chopping blade and/or disc knives on a sheet cutter.
| | Cutter or Sheeter | | | [Eng] Machine for cutting the paper web into sheets.
| | Cutting (Refining) | | | [Eng] A refining or beating action that splits the fibers in to two or more pieces.
| | Cylinder Mould or Cylinder Machine | | | [Eng] It is a type of papermaking machine. Wire-covered cylinders are rotated through a vat of pulp, and paper is formed as the water drains from the cylinder. Cylinder machines are used primarily to manufacture paperboard. Multi-cylinder machines produce multi-layered paperboard (one layer for each cylinder).
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| Damping | | | [Eng] The process of keeping the non-image areas of lithographic plates to be ink repellent by applying aqueous Fountain solution to the plate from the Dampening system.
| | Dandy Roll | | | [Eng] A hollow wire covered roll that rides on the paper machine wire and compacts the newly formed wet web to improve the formation and if required to impart watermark or laid finish the paper.
| | Debarker or Barker | | | [Eng] An equipment used to remove bark from wood.
| | Debossing | | | [Eng] Pressing letters or illustrations into a sheet of paper using a metal or plastic die to create a depressed (debossed) image.
| | Deciduous Trees | | | [Eng] Broad leafed or hardwood trees which lose their leaves in fall such as birch, maple etc.
| | Decker | | | [Eng] A drum type filter used for pulp thickening.
| | Deckle | | | [Eng] The width of the wet sheet as it comes off the wire of a paper machine. Also defied as the wood frame resting on or hinged to the edges of the mould that defines the edges of the sheet in handmade papermaking or strap or board on the wet end of a paper machine that determines the width of the paper web.
| | Deckle Edge | | | [Eng] The untrimmed, feathery edges of paper formed where the pulp flows against the deckle.
| | Decor Paper | | | [Eng] Woodfree, white or single-colour paper, often printed with various patterns, e.g. wood grains. The final product consists of laminated boards or directly coated particle boards used for furniture production.
| | Deculator | | | [Eng] A device that removes entrained and dissolved air from dilute stock furnish by applying vacuum as the stock is sprayed into an open chamber, usually at the outlet of cleaners.
| | Defibration | | | [Eng] Separation of wood fibers by mechanical and/or chemical means.
| | Degree of Polymerization (DP) | | | [Eng] As applied to cellulose, refers to the average number of glucose unit in each cellulose molecule of a pulp sample. Usually determined by the CED viscosity test.
| | Deinkability | | | [Eng] Suitability of recovered paper for deinking; depends on paper grade, printing process used, age of paper, and other factors.
| | Deinked Pulp (DIP) | | | [Eng] Paper pulp produced by deinking of recovered paper
| | Deinking | | | [Eng] The process of removing inks, coatings, sizing, adhesives and/ or impurities from waste paper before recycling the fibers into a new sheet.
| | Deinking Loss | | | [Eng] Unwanted loss of solid material from pulp during deinking (usually 10-40%).
| | Delamination | | | [Eng] The separation of the layers of a multiplex paper/paperboard.
| | Delignification | | | [Eng] The removal of lignin, the material that binds wood fibers together, during the chemical pulping process.
| | Deliquescent | | | [Eng] Material that has the ability to absorb enough moisture from the surrounding atmosphere to revert it to a liquid form. Examples of deliquescent include calcium chloride and ammonium nitrate.
| | Densitometer | | | [Eng] A sensitive photoelectric instrument that measures the density of photographic images or of colors. Used in quality control to accurately determine the consistency of color throughout the run.
| | Deposit | | | [Eng] Mass of airborne pollutants deposited on a unit area of land or water in a given time, e.g. grams per square metre per year (g/m2/a).
| | Deresination | | | [Eng] Reducing the resin (pitch) content of wood prior to cooking either by storage or using bleaching chemicals to reduce the resin content in pulp.
| | Digester | | | [Eng] The reaction vessel in which wood chips or other plant materials are cooked with chemical to separate fiber by dissolving lignin.
| | Digester House | | | [Eng] That part of a chemical pulp mill where cooking takes place.
| | Digital Printing | | | [Eng] 1. Printing by imaging systems that are fed imaging information as digital data from pre-press systems.
2. Computer –to-plate Systems, which use printing plates, or other images carriers that do not require intermediate films.
3. Computer-to-print (Plateless): Systems that produce reproductions directly on the substrate without the need for intermediate films or plates
A. Electronic printers: Electrophotographic printers, for black or single color, used for short-run variable information and on-demand book publishing.
B. Color copiers: Usually Electrophotographic printers, for spot or four color process printing, used for making one or several copies of spot or four color process subjects.
C. Electronic printing systems: Electrophotographic, magnetographic, monographic, field effect, ink jet or thermal transfers printing. For One-colour, four color process or up to six-color printing. Used for some degree of variable information, on-demand. Examples of use are direct mail, temporary product labels for trade shows, billboard posters and the like.
| | Dimensional Stability | | | [Eng] The ability of paper or paperboard to maintain size. It is the resistance of paper to dimensional change with change in moisture content or relative humidity. Dimensional stability is essential for keeping forms in registration during printing and keeping sheets from jamming or wrinkling on press or in laser printers.
| | Dioxin | | | [Eng] A group of 75 chlorinated compounds. Dioxins are formed in a complex process, where chlorine combines with other additives during bleaching..
| | Direct Cooking | | | [Eng] Batch cooking in which digester contents are heated by blowing steam directly into the digester.
| | Direct Dye | | | [Eng] Dye molecules that are sufficiently large and planar that they tend to remain on a fiber surface without need of a fixative.
| | Directionality | | | [Eng] Dependency of a given paper property on the orientation of the fiber in paper e.g. CD or MD.
| | Dirt Count | | | [Eng] The average amount of dirt specks in a specific size of paper area. Both virgin sheets and recycled sheets have "dirt," although recycled paper usually has a slightly higher dirt count than virgin paper. However, it rarely affects recycled paper's quality and use.
| | Dispersants | | | [Eng] Substances such as phosphates or acrylates that cause finely divided particles to come apart and remain separate from each other in suspension.
| | Dispersion | | | [Eng] Following the deinking process of waste papers, residual ink particles are dispersed into tiny bits that are usually invisible to the eye. Bleaching the fibers helps to remove the last of the inks and improve paper brightness.
| | Dissolving Pulp | | | [Eng] A high purity special grade pulp made for processing in to cellulose derivatives including rayon and acetate.
| | Doctor Blade | | | [Eng] Thin metal plate or scraper in contact with a roll along its entire length to keep it clean. Blades are also used for creping.
| | Document Paper | | | [Eng] Document paper is paper with a high ageing resistance. It is woodfree but may also contain rags or be fully made from rags and is used for documents that have to be preserved for a longer period.
| | Double Coating | | | [Eng] Coating of paper or paperboard twice on one or both sides.
| | Down Cycling | | | [Eng] Every time cellulose fibers are recycled they deteriorate slightly and become contaminated, so the new product is of lower quality than the original product which went to form the waste; the progressive deterioration of fibers means that there is a limit to the number of times they can be recycled, thus the term down cycling is used as a more accurate description of recycling.
| | Drainage or Dewatering | | | [Eng] Removal of water from wet web during formation of paper sheet.
| | Draw | | | [Eng] Difference in speed between two adjacent section of the paper machine.
| | Drawing Paper | | | [Eng] The range of drawing papers includes woodfree and mechanical grades with proper-ties that are tailored for specific drawing techniques. They have a low opacity and are erasure proof and often also wash-fast.
| | Dregs | | | [Eng] The solids which settle down in the clarifiers in the Causticizing process.
| | Dry Coating | | | [Eng] Coating method in which a binder is applied to the paper surface followed by dry coating pigment.
| | Dry End | | | [Eng] That part of the paper machine where the paper is dried, surface sized, calendered and reeled.
| | Dry Line | | | [Eng] The dry line is the location on a Fourdrinier paper machine forming section where the appearance of the wet web of paper changes abruptly. Before the dry line the furnish has a glossy, wet appearance. After the dry line the wet web appears dull. The optical change is related to the effect of fibers poking through the air-water interface. On a well-adjusted paper machine the dry line ought to be straight.
Increased refining and lower freeness of the pulp tend to move the dry line in the direction of the couch.
Chemicals that promote drainage tend to move the dry line in the direction of the slice.
| | Dry Solids | | | [Eng] Mass of dried sample as a percentage of mass of original sample.
| | Dry Strenght | | | [Eng] Mechanical strength of a dry paper sheet (includes tensile strength, tearing resistance and folding endurance).
| | Dryer Felt | | | [Eng] A continuous cotton and or synthetic belt and used in the dryer section of a paper machine to press and maintain positive contact of the web against the surface of the dryer cylinder.
| | Dryer Screen | | | [Eng] A type of dryer felt made of synthetic material, with very high open area to provide easy escape to vapors formed due to water evaporation. Dryer screens are used in the later part of dryer section where paper is >60% dry to avoid any screen impression.
| | Drying | | | [Eng] This is the final stage of water removal from wet web of the paper formed on wire. After pressing the moisture content of the web is apprx. 40-45%. The remaining water (up to 95% dryness) is removed by evaporation . This is done by moving the web around a series of steam heated iron drums in the dry end of the paper machine.
| | Duplex Bag | | | [Eng] Two-ply bags.
| | Duplex Board | | | [Eng] Paperboard made with two plies or layers. Normally two layers are formed and joined together at wire part.
| | Duplex Paper | | | [Eng] Paper made with two plies or layers. Normally two layers are formed and joined together at wire part.
| | Dust | | | [Eng] Loose flecks of fiber, filler and/or coating on the paper that sometimes sticks to the printing blanket and prevents ink from reaching the paper surface.
| | Dye | | | [Eng] A chemical compound having the ability to absorb visible light over a certain range of wavelengths so that the diffusely reflected light appears colored. Dye can be basic, acidic or direct.
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| Edge Crush Resistance | | | [Eng] The amount of force needed to crush on-edge of combined board is a primary factor in predicting the compression strength of the completed box. When using certain specifications in the carrier classifications, minimum edge crush values must be certified.
| | Edge Cutter | | | [Eng] Device comprising two jets of water which are adjustable across the wire and which divide the wet web on the wire lengthwise so that the edges may be removed, generally at the couch. In this way they control the width of the web going forward from the wire part and give it comparatively clean edges.
| | Effective Alkali | | | [Eng] Caustic (NaOH) and one half of Sodium sulfide (05*Na2S) expressed as Na2O in alkaline pulping liquor.
| | Elastic Strength | | | [Eng] The ability of paper or board to resist stress acting in the plane of the sample
| | Electrical Grade Paper | | | [Eng] Strong, pin-hole free paper, sometimes impregnated with synthetic resins and made from unbleached Kraft pulp. Electrical insulating paper must neither contain fillers nor conductive contaminants (metals, coal, etc.) nor salts or acids. Lava stone bars are used on rotor and stator to avoid any metal contamination. Cable papers, that are wound around line wires in a spiral-like fashion, are electrical insulating papers with a particularly high strength in machine direction. Electrical grade papers include cable papers, electrolytic papers and capacitor paper.
| | Electrical Insulating Paper | | | [Eng] Strong, pore-free paper, sometimes impregnated with synthetic resins, made from chemical pulp. Electrical insulating paper must neither contain fillers nor conductive contaminants (metals, coal, etc.) nor salts or acids. Cable papers, that are wound around line wires in a spiral-like fashion, are electrical insulating papers with a par-ticularly high strength in machine direction. Electrical insulating papers also include electrolytic papers and capacitor paper.
| | Electro photography | | | [Eng] A printing process that uses principles of electricity and electrically charged particles to create images - e.g., photocopiers and laser printers.
| | Electronic Printing | | | [Eng] Photocopiers, ink jet, laser printers and other similar printing methods that create images using electrostatic charges rather than a printing plate.
| | Electrostatic Precipitator (ESP) | | | [Eng] Used to clean up flue and process gases. Removes 99.5-99.8% of dust particles emitted from recovery boilers, lime kilns and bark-fired boilers.
| | Elemental Chlorine Free (ECF) | | | [Eng] ECF papers are made exclusively with pulp that uses chlorine dioxide rather than elemental chlorine gas as a bleaching agent. This virtually eliminates the discharge of detectable dioxins in the effluent of pulp manufacturing facilities.
| | Embossing | | | [Eng] Pressing a shape into a sheet of paper with a metal or plastic die, creating a raised (embossed) image.
| | Emulsion Coating | | | [Eng] Coating of paper with an emulsion containing plastic or resin.
| | Enamel | | | [Eng] A general term referring to coated paper that has a higher basis weight than coated publication (magazine) paper but a lower basis weight and caliper than coated cover paper.
| | Engine Sizing | | | [Eng] Old term used for beater sizing when sizing chemicals used to be added in Engine or Beater.
| | English Finish | | | [Eng] A smooth-finished, machine made and calendered book paper. It is soft, dull and pliable. Normally used for letterpress printed magazines.
| | Engraving | | | [Eng] A printing process using intaglio, or recessed, plates. Made from steel or copper, engraved plates cost more than plates used in most other printing processes, such as lithography. Ink sits in the recessed wells of the plate while the printing press exerts force on the paper, pushing it into the wells and onto the ink. The pressure creates raised letters and images on the front of the page and indentations on the back. The raised lettering effect of engraving can be simulated using a less costly process called thermography.
| | Entrained Air | | | [Eng] Entrained air consists of bubbles that are small enough (say less than 1 mm) to move along with the fibers.
| | Envelop Paper | | | [Eng] The paper made specifically for die cutting and folding of envelopes on high-speed envelop machine.
| | Environmentally Preferable Paper (EPP) | | | [Eng] EPP should have at least two of the following three characteristics:
1. 30% or more Post Consumer Recycled Content
2. TCF Bleaching
3. Forest Stewardship Council certified Forest Management for virgin fiber sources.
| | Enzyme | | | [Eng] A protein that has the ability to direct or catalyze a chemical reaction.
| | Enzyme Bleaching | | | [Eng] Bleaching technique in which cooked and oxygen-delignified chemical pulp is treated with enzymes prior to final bleaching. Allows pulp to be bleached without chlorine chemicals.
| | Equilibrium Moisture Content | | | [Eng] The moisture content of a paper that has reached a balance with the atmosphere surrounding it, i.e. in a condition in which it will neither give up nor absorb moisture.
| | Equivalent Black Area | | | [Eng] Of a dirt speck is defined as the area of a round black spot on a white background of the TAPPI Dirt Estimation Chart which makes the same visual impression on its background as does the dirt speck on the particular background in which it is embedded.
| | Esparto | | | [Eng] A grass from North Africa which makes a soft, ink receptive sheet.
| | Ethers Pulp | | | [Eng] Generally these are high purity, high viscosity pulps that are swollen in sodium hydroxide initially, followed by reaction with organic epoxides or chlorides like ethylene oxide or methyl chloride to form an organic polymer called cellulose ethers (methyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, etc.).
Cellulose ethers are used for thickening of fluids such as toothpaste, ketchup, shampoos, diet drinks and hundreds of other applications.
| | Evaporation Plant | | | [Eng] Unit used at pulp mills to concentrate spent liquor to make it suitable for burning and chemicals recovery.
| | Extended Cooking | | | [Eng] Method of cooking pulp to low lignin content, thereby reducing the need for bleaching chemicals.
| | Extensible Kraft | | | [Eng] Very strong virgin Kraft papers which stretches (approximately 6%) more in MD and tears less easily than regular Kraft paper.
| | External Fibrillation | | | [Eng] A refining action that results in partial detachment of fibrils from outer layer of a fiber.
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| Fan Pump | | | [Eng] A high flow rate, low head pump used to pump diluted stock to paper machine headbox.
| | Feathering | | | [Eng] The tendency of liquid ink to spread along the paper fibers so that the image produced does not have sharp, clean edges.
| | Felt | | | [Eng] A woven cloth used to carry the web of paper between press and dryer rolls on the paper machine.
| | Felt Finish | | | [Eng] Surface characteristics of paper formed at the wet end of a paper machine, using woven wool or synthetic felts with distinctive patterns to create a similar texture in the finish sheets.
| | Felt Mark | | | [Eng] Imprint left on the paper by one or more of the felts used in making the paper. The mark may be wanted or unwanted and special effects can be introduced in this way.
| | Felt Side | | | [Eng] The side of the paper which does not touch the wire on the paper machine. The "top side" or felt side is preferred for printing because it retains more fillers.
| | Fiber Axis Ratio | | | [Eng] Ratio of fiber width to fiber thickness.
| | Fiber Coarseness | | | [Eng] Weight per unit length of fiber.
| | Fiber Cut | | | [Eng] A fiber cut is a short, straight cut located on the edge of the web, caused by a fiber imbedded in the web of paper.
| | Fiber Debris | | | [Eng] Pieces of material which has been separated from the main body of the fiber..
| | Fiber Floc | | | [Eng] Fibers that have agglomerated as a result of poor formation.
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